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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprsannals-I-3-75-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT FOR MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEMS WITH POINTS AT INFINITY</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schneider</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schindler</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Läbe</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Förstner</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>University Bonn, Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation, Department of Photogrammetry, Nussallee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>I-3</volume>
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2012 J. Schneider et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<abstract>
<p>We present a novel approach for a rigorous bundle adjustment for omnidirectional and multi-view cameras, which enables an efficient
maximum-likelihood estimation with image and scene points at infinity. Multi-camera systems are used to increase the resolution,
to combine cameras with different spectral sensitivities (Z/I DMC, Vexcel Ultracam) or &amp;ndash; like omnidirectional cameras &amp;ndash; to augment
the effective aperture angle (Blom Pictometry, Rollei Panoscan Mark III). Additionally multi-camera systems gain in importance for
the acquisition of complex 3D structures. For stabilizing camera orientations &amp;ndash; especially rotations &amp;ndash; one should generally use points
at the horizon over long periods of time within the bundle adjustment that classical bundle adjustment programs are not capable of.
We use a minimal representation of homogeneous coordinates for image and scene points. Instead of eliminating the scale factor of
the homogeneous vectors by Euclidean normalization, we normalize the homogeneous coordinates spherically. This way we can use
images of omnidirectional cameras with single-view point like fisheye cameras and scene points, which are far away or at infinity. We
demonstrate the feasibility and the potential of our approach on real data taken with a single camera, the stereo camera &lt;i&gt;FinePix Real
3D W3&lt;/i&gt; from Fujifilm and the multi-camera system &lt;i&gt;Ladybug 3&lt;/i&gt; from Point Grey.</p>
</abstract>
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