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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprsannals-II-3-W2-7-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Frequency-Domain Implementation of a Sliding-Window Traffic Sign Detector for Large Scale Panoramic Datasets</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Creusen</surname>
<given-names>I.M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hazelhoff</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>De With</surname>
<given-names>P.H.N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Cyclomedia Technology, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>II-3/W2</volume>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 I.M. Creusen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-3-W2/7/2013/isprs-annals-II-3-W2-7-2013.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-3-W2/7/2013/isprs-annals-II-3-W2-7-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-3-W2/7/2013/isprs-annals-II-3-W2-7-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/II-3-W2/7/2013/isprs-annals-II-3-W2-7-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In large-scale automatic traffic sign surveying systems, the primary computational effort is concentrated at the traffic sign detection
stage. This paper focuses on reducing the computational load of particularly the sliding window object detection algorithm which is
employed for traffic sign detection. Sliding-window object detectors often use a linear SVM to classify the features in a window. In
this case, the classification can be seen as a convolution of the feature maps with the SVM kernel. It is well known that convolution
can be efficiently implemented in the frequency domain, for kernels larger than a certain size. We show that by careful reordering
of sliding-window operations, most of the frequency-domain transformations can be eliminated, leading to a substantial increase in
efficiency. Additionally, we suggest to use the overlap-add method to keep the memory use within reasonable bounds. This allows
us to keep all the transformed kernels in memory, thereby eliminating even more domain transformations, and allows all scales in a
multiscale pyramid to be processed using the same set of transformed kernels. For a typical sliding-window implementation, we have
found that the detector execution performance improves with a factor of 5.3. As a bonus, many of the detector improvements from
literature, e.g. chi-squared kernel approximations, sub-class splitting algorithms etc., can be more easily applied at a lower performance
penalty because of an improved scalability.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="5"/></counts>
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