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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-III-3-217-2016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>AIRBORNE MULTISPECTRAL LIDAR DATA FOR LAND-COVER CLASSIFICATION  AND LAND/WATER MAPPING USING DIFFERENT SPECTRAL INDEXES</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Morsy</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shaker</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El-Rabbany</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>LaRocque</surname>
<given-names>P. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Teledyne Optech, 300 Interchange Way, Concord, ON L4K 5Z8, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>III-3</volume>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>224</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2016 S. Morsy et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/III-3/217/2016/isprs-annals-III-3-217-2016.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/III-3/217/2016/isprs-annals-III-3-217-2016.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/III-3/217/2016/isprs-annals-III-3-217-2016.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/III-3/217/2016/isprs-annals-III-3-217-2016.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data is widely used in remote sensing applications, such as topographic and landwater
mapping. Recently, airborne multispectral LiDAR sensors, which acquire data at different wavelengths, are available, thus
allows recording a diversity of intensity values from different land features. In this study, three normalized difference feature indexes
(NDFI), for vegetation, water, and built-up area mapping, were evaluated. The NDFIs namely, NDFI&lt;sub&gt;G-NIR&lt;/sub&gt;, NDFI&lt;sub&gt;G-MIR&lt;/sub&gt;, and NDFI&lt;sub&gt;NIR-MIR&lt;/sub&gt; were calculated using data collected at three wavelengths; green: 532 nm, near-infrared (NIR): 1064 nm, and mid-infrared
(MIR): 1550 nm by the world’s first airborne multispectral LiDAR sensor “Optech Titan”. The Jenks natural breaks optimization
method was used to determine the threshold values for each NDFI, in order to cluster the 3D point data into two classes (water and
land or vegetation and built-up area). Two sites at Scarborough, Ontario, Canada were tested to evaluate the performance of the
NDFIs for land-water, vegetation, and built-up area mapping. The use of the three NDFIs succeeded to discriminate vegetation from
built-up areas with an overall accuracy of 92.51%. Based on the classification results, it is suggested to use NDFI&lt;sub&gt;G-MIR&lt;/sub&gt; and NDFI&lt;sub&gt;NIR-MIR&lt;/sub&gt;
for vegetation and built-up areas extraction, respectively. The clustering results show that the direct use of NDFIs for land-water
mapping has low performance. Therefore, the clustered classes, based on the NDFIs, are constrained by the recorded number of
returns from different wavelengths, thus the overall accuracy is improved to 96.98%.</p>
</abstract>
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