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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-163-2022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>UPDATING STRATEGIES FOR DISTANCE BASED CLASSIFICATION MODEL WITH RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARES</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Raita-Hakola</surname>
<given-names>A.-M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pölönen</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, 40100, Jyväskylä, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>17</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>V-3-2022</volume>
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>170</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2022 A.-M. Raita-Hakola</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/V-3-2022/163/2022/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-163-2022.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/V-3-2022/163/2022/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-163-2022.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/V-3-2022/163/2022/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-163-2022.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/V-3-2022/163/2022/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-163-2022.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>&lt;p&gt;The idea is to create a self-learning Minimal Learning Machine (MLM) model that is computationally efficient, easy to implement and performs with high accuracy. The study has two hypotheses. Experiment &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt; examines the possibilities of introducing new classes with Recursive Least Squares (RLS) updates for the pre-trained self learning-MLM model. The idea of experiment &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; is to simulate the push broom spectral imagers working principles, update and test the model based on a stream of pixel spectrum lines on a continuous scanning process. Experiment &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; aims to train the model with a significantly small amount of labelled reference points and update it continuously with (RLS) to reach maximum classification accuracy quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results show that the new self-learning MLM method can classify new classes with RLS update but with a cost of decreasing accuracy. With a larger amount of reference points, one class can be introduced with reasonable accuracy. The results of experiment &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; indicate that self-learning MLM can be trained with a few reference points, and the self-learning model quickly reaches accuracy results comparable with nearest-neighbour NN-MLM. It seems that the self-learning MLM could be a comparable machine learning method for the application of hyperspectral imaging and remote sensing.&lt;/p&gt;</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
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