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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-165-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating pollinator diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome using geospatial and Machine Learning Tools</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Furtado</surname>
<given-names>Luiz Felipe de Almeida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coelho</surname>
<given-names>Luiz Carlos Teixeira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mota</surname>
<given-names>Guilherme Lucio Abelha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Badolato</surname>
<given-names>Irving da Silva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pires</surname>
<given-names>Aliny Patrícia Flauzino</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brito</surname>
<given-names>Emanuelle Luiz da Silva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Faculdade de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Instituto Municipal de Urbanismo Pereira Passos - Coordenadoria de Informações da Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Urbana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Computacionais e Modelagem Matemática, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Feira de Santana, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-3/W4-2025</volume>
<fpage>165</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Luiz Felipe de Almeida Furtado et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/165/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-165-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/165/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-165-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/165/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-165-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/165/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-165-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Pollinators play a central role in sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, consequently their response to forest regeneration in tropical landscapes needs to be quantified at large scales. Here, we assess how land cover composition and forest age influence pollinator diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest &amp;mdash; a global biodiversity hotspot undergoing extensive regeneration. We integrated land-use and forest age data from MapBiomas with 56,593 bee occurrence records from GBIF, focusing on five bee families. Using Random Forest models, we evaluated the importance of land cover types and secondary forest age intervals for predicting total occurrences and genus richness. Our results show that primary forest cover is the dominant predictor of bee genus richness, followed by late-stage secondary forests aged &amp;gt; 26 years and riparian-associated water surfaces. In contrast, younger secondary forests (&amp;lt; 25 years) contributed negligibly and urban dominated landscapes support less diversity overall. While total occurrence data reflected strong spatial bias towards non-vegetated and agricultural areas, genus richness emerged as a more robust parameter, avoiding bias, and mitigating over-representation from anthropic landscapes. Our findings highlight the ecological value of mature secondary forests for pollinator conservation and reinforce the need to incorporate the time dimension into restoration monitoring. Our results underscore the conservation value of mature secondary forests and the need to integrate forest age into restoration monitoring. Our approach demonstrates the utility of combining biodiversity data, geospatial data derived from remote sensing, and machine learning to produce scalable, spatially explicit insights into ecological recovery and pollination services in tropical biomes.</p>
</abstract>
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