ISPRS-Annals

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

ISPRS-Annals

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

2194-9050

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-379-2026

APPPOLO: A Brazilian Processing Software for Multi-GNSS Precise Point Positioning

Zaupa

João Pedro Voltare

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-7578

¹ Alves

Daniele Barroca Marra

¹ Setti Jr

Paulo de Tarso

Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - Unesp, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil

Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research – CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil

13 03 2026

X-3/W4-2025 379 385

2026

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/379/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-379-2026.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-3-W4-2025/379/2026/isprs-annals-X-3-W4-2025-379-2026.pdf

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a Brazilian software for Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The tool, named APPPOLO (Advanced Precise Point Positioning software for Optimized Localization), was designed to support advanced modeling and flexible configuration for academic and applied research in GNSS positioning. A specific performance analysis was conducted focusing on multi-GNSS PPP solutions using data from Brazilian continuously operating GNSS stations. The assessment examined the impact of different GNSS constellation combinations on positional accuracy and convergence time. The results demonstrate significant improvements in both accuracy and convergence when integrating GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, compared to standalone systems. This paper contributes to ongoing efforts to develop robust, locally adapted GNSS processing tools capable of addressing atmospheric and infrastructural challenges found in South America.