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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-179-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Semi-Supervised Mini-Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dadashi Asiabar</surname>
<given-names>Zahra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jamshidpour</surname>
<given-names>Nasehe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hasanlou</surname>
<given-names>Mahdi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7254-4475</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-4/W8-2025</volume>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Zahra Dadashi Asiabar et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/179/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-179-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/179/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-179-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/179/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-179-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/179/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-179-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification requires models that leverage long-range spectral and spatial dependencies while handling scarce labels and the high dimensionality of the data. This paper introduces a semi-supervised Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) that builds a graph over both labeled and unlabeled pixels to better capture the data manifold. It also proposes the implementation of Mini-GCN, an inductive mini-batch variant that preserves graph reasoning with far lower memory and computational cost. On top of these, a hybrid end-to-end FuNet architecture fuses a CNN with Mini-GCN (for mid- and long-range topology) via three fusion schemes: additive, multiplicative, and concatenation, to learn complementary representations. Experiments on two benchmark datasets, Indian Pines and Pavia University, using limited labeled training samples, are compared against various conventional and Deep Learning (DL) CNN-based algorithms, and also supervised GCN. Semi-supervised GCN already outperforms CNNs and supervised GCN; Mini-GCN further enhances efficiency without compromising accuracy, and the proposed fusion networks yield the best performance. Notably, FuNet-C attains an OA of 95.79% and &amp;kappa; of 0.95 on Indian Pines, and OA 92.36% and &amp;kappa; 0.90 on Pavia University, with marked gains on minority classes, confirming that combining mini-batch graph reasoning with CNN features is an effective, label-efficient paradigm for HSI classification.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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