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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-617-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Hybrid Digital Twin and AI Framework for Traffic Simulation and Route Finding</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rezaei</surname>
<given-names>Zahra</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2392-6491</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vahidnia</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aghamohammadi</surname>
<given-names>Hossein</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Azizi</surname>
<given-names>Zahra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Behzadi</surname>
<given-names>Saeed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GIS and SDI Specialist in National Cartographic Center (NCC) of Iran, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-4/W8-2025</volume>
<fpage>617</fpage>
<lpage>622</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Zahra Rezaei et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/617/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-617-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/617/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-617-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/617/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-617-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/617/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-617-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban traffic congestion poses significant challenges for today&apos;s cities, affecting mobility, productivity, and environmental quality. The present study proposes a data-driven framework that integrates deep learning specifically Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Digital Twin (DT) technology to enhance travel time prediction and traffic management. The model utilizes real-time and historical data from sources such as Google Maps, weather services, and traffic sensors to capture temporal dynamics and external factors influencing traffic patterns. The RNN model exhibited a high degree of predictive accuracy, as evidenced by its R&amp;sup2; value of approximately 0.94. Furthermore, its incorporation into a DT environment facilitated dynamic 3D simulations and route optimization. A comparative analysis revealed that the DT system exhibited a marked superiority over conventional navigation tools in congested scenarios, with a travel time reduction of up to 26%. The findings indicate the potential for a synergistic integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and data technology (DT) to facilitate the development of intelligent, adaptable urban transportation systems.</p>
</abstract>
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