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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-861-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Graph-Based Deep Learning for Mesh-Based 3D Building Reconstruction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zavar</surname>
<given-names>Hossein</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saadatseresht</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arefi</surname>
<given-names>Hossein</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>PhD Student, Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, School of Surveying Engineering and Spatial Information, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, School of Surveying Engineering and Spatial Information, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>i3mainz, Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology, School of Technology, Mainz University of Applied Sciences, D-55118 Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-4/W8-2025</volume>
<fpage>861</fpage>
<lpage>866</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hossein Zavar et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/861/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-861-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/861/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-861-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/861/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-861-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/861/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-861-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Historically, three-dimensional (3D) geospatial data were mainly used for visualization, while two-dimensional (2D) data underpinned spatial analyses. With recent advances in sensing and computation, as well as the demands of smart-city applications, 3D urban data, especially for building objects, has become a valuable source for processing and interpretation. This study proposes a deep-learning approach that exploits neighborhood relations on urban triangle meshes to reconstruct simplified 3D building models. Neural networks help overcome mesh-specific challenges such as irregular connectivity and heterogeneous sampling, enabling robust geometric analysis. Experimental results indicate that the proposed network can effectively leverage mesh data for building reconstruction. Furthermore, the results suggest that additional spatial analyses can be performed directly on mesh data, enabling the production of high-quality products. Overall, the approach delivers accurate building abstractions from real-world meshes, reduces manual post-editing, and supports downstream urban analytics. The findings highlight the growing potential of mesh-native learning for scalable 3D city modeling.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
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