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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-99-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evacuation Simulation in Indoor Environment Using Social Force Model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aryaeinezhad</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8098-8026</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bahramian</surname>
<given-names>Zahra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>College of Engineering, School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-4/W8-2025</volume>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>107</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Ali Aryaeinezhad</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/99/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-99-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/99/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-99-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/99/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-99-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-4-W8-2025/99/2026/isprs-annals-X-4-W8-2025-99-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The safe evacuation of pedestrian crowds in indoor environments is a key challenge for architects and safety engineers. This study uses the Social Force Model (SFM), as a microscopic model-based approach, to simulate evacuation in a building, incorporating factors such as building layout, furniture arrangement, student distribution and their physical characteristics. Moreover, the evacuation process is based on assigning pedestrians to the nearest exit, and adding decision-making knowledge during the evacuation process. Pedestrians are modeled with individual physical characteristics (e.g., gender, height, and mass) that affect their movement and preferred speed. The simulation evaluates evacuation performance based on total evacuation time, crowd density, and pedestrian speed, using real-world data from the School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of Tehran. Results show that including gender diversity reduces evacuation time by 15.98% compared to a basic, homogeneous model. The system also identifies congestion hotspots and helps improve evacuation safety and efficiency.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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