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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-X-M-2-2025-139-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Investigating the Accuracy of a 360° Camera for 3D Modeling in Confined Spaces: 360° Panorama vs 25-Rig Compared to TLS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kafataris</surname>
<given-names>Georgios</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Skarlatos</surname>
<given-names>Dimitrios</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-4780</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vlachos</surname>
<given-names>Marinos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Agapiou</surname>
<given-names>Athos</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-6766</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>X-M-2-2025</volume>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>146</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Georgios Kafataris et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-M-2-2025/139/2025/isprs-annals-X-M-2-2025-139-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-M-2-2025/139/2025/isprs-annals-X-M-2-2025-139-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-M-2-2025/139/2025/isprs-annals-X-M-2-2025-139-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/X-M-2-2025/139/2025/isprs-annals-X-M-2-2025-139-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study investigates photogrammetric solutions for surveying confined underground environments using a small and affordable 360&amp;deg; camera, applied in Tomb 4 at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Tombs of the Kings in Paphos, Cyprus. Conducted within the framework of the ENGINEER project, this study evaluates the performance of a low-cost 360&amp;deg; 25-lens camera by comparing it to a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) system used as a reference. The primary objective is to assess the suitability of the 360&amp;deg; camera for 3D documentation in restricted spaces, and to explore its potential application in conservation and restoration efforts at archaeological sites. Two different approaches were tested: using the camera images as 360&amp;deg; panoramic photos or as 25-photos rigid rig setup. The study analyses the accuracy of these methods by generating Point Clouds (PCs) and comparing them to the TLS reference dataset using metrics such as cloud-to-cloud distance, surface roughness, and PC density. In addition, a visual assessment was conducted.</p>
</abstract>
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</article-meta>
</front>
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