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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-151-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Position and Orientation from Asynchronous Lidar in GNSS Denied Environments</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Glennie</surname>
<given-names>Craig</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haces-Garcia</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>University of Houston, Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, 5000 Gulf Freeway, Houston, TX, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-1-2026</volume>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>158</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Craig Glennie</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/151/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-151-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/151/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-151-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/151/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-151-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/151/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-151-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study investigates the use of a distributed asynchronous lidar system for augmented position and orientation determination in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) denied environments. An asynchronous lidar design is one in which the laser transmitter and detectors/receivers are disconnected and carried on separate platforms. This unique geometry offers observational redundancy that can be used to estimate the trajectory of the receiver platforms. The paper presents the results of simulation experiments, first examining single epoch solutions and then considers estimates of position and orientation along simulated flight trajectories. The results show that as long as the laser transmitter is operated above the GNSS denied environment, the system is able to simultaneously estimate position and orientation for multiple receiver drones, even for extended periods of GNSS outages. The accuracy of position and orientation estimation is dependent on the exact flight path and the number of lidar receivers in the solution, but with favorable geometry the accuracy of position estimation can approach that provided by a high precision GNSS solution.</p>
</abstract>
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