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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-25-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Semantic-Guided Geometric Feature Extraction from Dense LiDAR for Vehicle Localization with Abstract Maps</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wahbah</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moftizadeh</surname>
<given-names>Rozhin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Klugmann</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kondermann</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Neumann</surname>
<given-names>Ingo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alkhatib</surname>
<given-names>Hamza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geodetic Institute, Leibniz University Hanovver, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Quality Match GmbH, Heidelberg Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-1-2026</volume>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Mohamed Wahbah et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/25/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-25-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/25/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-25-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/25/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-25-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/25/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-25-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>High-precision vehicle localization in GNSS-denied urban areas requires alternatives to costly HD maps. In this paper, we present a novel framework for feature extraction and benchmark generation to enable high-precision localization using abstract LoD2/DTM maps as a replacement for HD maps. Our first contribution, a semantic-geometric pipeline, processes dense LiDAR and camera data to extract map primitives. This is accomplished by a RANSAC-fitted ground plane extraction step, followed by a semantic filter that discards dynamic objects. Finally, geometric clustering (HDBSCAN) and RANSAC plane fitting isolate large-scale vertical facades. Our second contribution, a multi-stage GT generation framework, resolves annotation ambiguity using a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) system. A robust 2D pose is computed by finding the geometric median of bootstrapped transformation samples on the &lt;em&gt;S E&lt;/em&gt;(2) manifold, which is then refined to a 6-Degree-of-Freedom pose via point-to-plane ICP, before being validated by a human for a final check. We evaluated our feature extraction pipeline against the generated benchmark, achieving 95.04% precision and 83.74% recall. An analysis of this performance shows the pipeline correctly rejects small, ambiguous features while achieving high recall on all large, stable features, proving its suitability for a robust localization filter.</p>
</abstract>
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