<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-355-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Consolidating feedbacks and expertise of Digital Twins of Territories’ engineers in nation-wide frameworks</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Szanto</surname>
<given-names>Théo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brédif</surname>
<given-names>Mathieu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-1232</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bucher</surname>
<given-names>Bénédicte</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Univ Gustave Eiffel, Géodata Paris, IGN, LASTIG, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-1-2026</volume>
<fpage>355</fpage>
<lpage>362</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Théo Szanto et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/355/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-355-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/355/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-355-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/355/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-355-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-1-2026/355/2026/isprs-annals-XI-1-2026-355-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Digital Twins of Territories (DTTs) are increasingly adopted by municipalities to support ecological transition, crisis resilience, and participatory decision-making. Designing a DTT that fits local needs requires engineers to combine multiple areas of expertise (data discovery, integration, modeling, visualization, and stakeholder interaction) while working with heterogeneous geospatial datasets of varying quality. Nation-wide DTT frameworks aim to assist these efforts, yet they currently lack mechanisms to consolidate the expertise produced during local DTT developments. This paper introduces &lt;code&gt;dttrecipe&lt;/code&gt;, a model designed to capture, structure, and share DTT engineers&amp;rsquo; feedback and decision-making processes. Building on the &lt;code&gt;prov&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;wfdesc&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wfprov&lt;/code&gt; ontologies, and inspired by the OGC Geospatial User Feedback standard, &lt;code&gt;dttrecipe&lt;/code&gt; formalizes the description of territorial stakes, data workflows, encountered problems, and the rationale behind design choices. It supports both complete and partial workflow descriptions, encouraging collaboration, reproducibility, and cross-territorial knowledge reuse. The model is qualitatively evaluated via a case study focused on bicycle-mobility planning and citizen engagement in a rural city. The resulting recipe highlights recurrent categories of DTT engineering challenges, including data discoverability and usability issues, multi-source misalignment, documentation accessibility, and limited local expertise. Explicit documentation of these challenges shows how engineers&amp;rsquo; often implicit expertise can be converted into reusable knowledge for other territories facing similar constraints. The work shows that structured documentation of DTT engineering practices can strengthen national DTT frameworks by improving interoperability and enabling efficient knowledge transfer. Future work will address querying mechanisms and evaluate the reuse of shared recipes at scale.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>