<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-331-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Point2WSS: Reconstructing LoD2 Buildings from Aerial LiDAR Data using Multimodal Learning and Weighted Straight Skeleton</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Queffélec</surname>
<given-names>Pierre-Loïc</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Trouvé</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roussel</surname>
<given-names>Stéphane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Teng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vallet</surname>
<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>DEMR, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Univ Gustave Eiffel, Géodata Paris, IGN, LASTIG, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-2-2026</volume>
<fpage>331</fpage>
<lpage>340</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pierre-Loïc Queffélec et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/331/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-331-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/331/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-331-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/331/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-331-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/331/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-331-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In this paper, a method exploiting aerial LiDAR point clouds to build realistic building meshes suitable for electromagnetic simulation is proposed. One of the main challenges lies in reconstructing regularized building meshes with low polygonal density. Optimization-based methods, commonly used for building reconstruction from point clouds, are highly data-driven, making the quality of results dependent on the quality of input data. Aerial LiDAR scans can be incomplete or sparse, for instance due to occlusion. A novel LoD2 buildings reconstruction method based on deep learning is proposed, assuming that deep learning methods are more robust to incomplete or sparse data than optimization-based methods. A parametric building model is introduced, based on the Weighted Straight Skeleton algorithm, which generates realistic roofs from a building footprint and an associated set of slopes, and subsequently extrudes the roof to the specified building height. This parametric approach guarantees that a given set of parameters (height, footprint and slopes) produces a regularized building mesh with low polygonal density. A multimodal model, named Point2WSS, was trained to recover the variable number of building&amp;rsquo;s continuous parameters from its corresponding point cloud. This approach enables the generation of realistic building meshes suitable for electromagnetic simulation, if the predicted parameters accurately approximate real-world values. All the code and datasets used in this paper are available at : &lt;code&gt;https://github.com/KWIKERRR/point2wss&lt;/code&gt;.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>