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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-535-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Sky-NeRF: Learning 4D Cloud Topography in a Dynamic Neural Radiance Field</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Terrisse</surname>
<given-names>Theïlo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Derksen</surname>
<given-names>Dawa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Youssefi</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2783-7814</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meric</surname>
<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>CS Group, 6 rue Brindejonc des Moulinais, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>CNES, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-2-2026</volume>
<fpage>535</fpage>
<lpage>544</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Theïlo Terrisse et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/535/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-535-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/535/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-535-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/535/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-535-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/535/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-535-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We present Sky-NeRF, a novel method for cloud topography estimation based on Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields. Similar to NeRF, we propose to model the 3D structure of clouds as a radiance field, encoded in the parameters of a neural representation. Our goal is to reconstruct the 3D geometry, appearance, and motion of the cloud using a stereo-video of high-resolution top of the atmosphere radiance images. In this paper, we evaluate a novel way of modeling the dynamic behavior of clouds, with the goal of extracting added-value physical information regarding the cloud such as advection speed and direction, velocity field and cloud trajectories. We investigate how to include a simple physical prior, advection, into the learning system and evaluate its impact. Our results show that Sky-NeRF is able to provide a more complete 4D reconstruction than traditional stereo-matching-based algorithms. Moreover, thanks to a physics-based interpolation, Sky-NeRF is able to generate coherent new images from unseen viewing angles, and at any time between the observed frames.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
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