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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-839-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An assessment of data-centric methods for label noise identification in remote sensing data sets</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kröber</surname>
<given-names>Felix</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hoxha</surname>
<given-names>Genc</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roscher</surname>
<given-names>Ribana</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-6210</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-2-2026</volume>
<fpage>839</fpage>
<lpage>848</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Felix Kröber et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/839/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-839-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/839/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-839-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/839/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-839-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/839/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-839-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Label noise in the sense of incorrect labels is present in many real-world data sets and is known to severely limit the generalizability of deep learning models. In the field of remote sensing, however, automated treatment of label noise in data sets has received little attention to date. In particular, there is a lack of systematic analysis of the performance of data-centric methods that not only cope with label noise but also explicitly identify and isolate noisy labels. In this paper, we examine three such methods and evaluate their behavior under different label noise assumptions. To do this, we inject different types of label noise with noise levels ranging from 10 to 70% into two benchmark data sets, followed by an analysis of how well the selected methods filter the label noise and how this affects task performances. With our analyses, we clearly prove the value of data-centric methods for both parts &amp;ndash; label noise identification and task performance improvements. Our analyses provide insights into which method is the best choice depending on the setting and objective. Finally, we show in which areas there is still a need for research in the transfer of data-centric label noise methods to remote sensing data. As such, our work is a step forward in bridging the methodological establishment of data-centric label noise methods and their usage in practical settings in the remote sensing domain.</p>
</abstract>
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