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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-873-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards Improved Crop Type Classification: a Compact Embedding Approach Suitable for Small Fields</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lisaius</surname>
<given-names>Madeline C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-7735</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blake</surname>
<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Atzberger</surname>
<given-names>Clement</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keshav</surname>
<given-names>Srinivasan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Cyclops.ai, New York, United States</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-2-2026</volume>
<fpage>873</fpage>
<lpage>880</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Madeline C. Lisaius et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/873/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-873-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/873/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-873-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/873/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-873-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-2-2026/873/2026/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-873-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Satellite -based crop classification and maps are important tools for food security and climate change mitigation, but existing approaches are not effective for small field systems. To address this, crop type classification using embeddings generated by a global foundation model, TESSERA, are compared to standard classification approaches in the literature. We find that our embedding - based approach offers a triple win: 1) consistent and statistically significant performance improvement over current methods, 2) greater simplicity due to the elimination of feature engineering, and 3) the reduction of computational cost. Our embedding -based approach achieves significantly higher F1 scores in the classification of 5 of 7 crop types for small fields in Austria (over 10% improvement in one case). Additionally, the TESSERA embedding -based method uses 8% of compute compared to the raw data method. These results indicate that embeddings are an effective approach for crop type classification tasks in small field systems.</p>
</abstract>
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