<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-109-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cube Kernel: A Novel Approach to Enable Local Gradient Flow Across Channels in CNNs</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Zhimeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Yuwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Meiliu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-4603</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xian</surname>
<given-names>Xinyan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barrett</surname>
<given-names>Brian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>109</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Zhimeng He et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/109/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-109-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/109/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-109-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/109/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-109-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/109/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-109-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Understanding inter-band and cross-channel relationships is essential for human color perception and object recognition. Yet, local gradients in standard convolutions are tied to fixed input&amp;ndash;output channel pairs, and thus channels are fused by a dense, fully-coupled weight tensor: each output channel aggregates all input channels in a uniform way at every spatial location. This leads to heavy computation and does not exploit structured sparsity or selective local channel mixing. To overcome this limitation, we introduce Cube Kernel, a novel convolutional operator that introduces structured cross-channel groups into the local gradient. This design strengthens cross-channel feature fusion, improves optimization efficiency, and reduces computational overhead. Extensive building extraction experiments validate its effectiveness: Cube Kernel consistently outperforms standard convolutions and Involution when integrated into UNet, and replacing a single layer in DeepLabV3+, Swin-UNet, or UNet leads to consistent performance gains. Beyond serving as a lightweight plug-in module, Cube Kernel also scales effectively as a fundamental building block. A Cube-enhanced ConvNeXt variant, ConvNeXt-Cube, achieves state-of-the-art performance across all models (0.9095 IoU / 0.9535 F1 on WBD and 0.9133 IoU / 0.9547 F1 on WHU), demonstrating strong stackability and architectural potential. These results highlight a largely overlooked space in CNN design: enhancing cross-channel interaction at the gradient level. Cube Kernel offers a scalable and efficient alternative to deepen networks for channel mixing, laying a foundation for future advancements in convolutional architecture design. The implementation and trained models will be made publicly available upon publication to facilitate reproducibility.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>