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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-433-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating Ground Deformation in Low-Coherence Agricultural Areas Using Multi-Temporal InSAR Analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Mingyue</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haghshenas Haghighi</surname>
<given-names>Mahmud</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-3934</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Motagh</surname>
<given-names>Mahdi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-3696</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>440</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Mingyue Ma et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/433/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-433-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/433/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-433-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/433/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-433-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/433/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-433-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Ground deformation caused by excessive groundwater extraction has become a major environmental concern in agricultural regions worldwide. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) enables large-scale monitoring of ground deformation. However, its performance often decreases in low-coherence areas affected by vegetation growth and irrigation. In this study, we conducted a comparative evaluation of three multi-temporal SBAS-InSAR processing frameworks, MintPy, LiCSBAS, and SARvey, to assess their consistency in monitoring ground deformation across Golestan Province, Iran, using Sentinel-1 data acquired between 2014 and 2024. The analysis included deformation velocity fields, cross-sectional profiles, and time-series displacements, which were compared with temperature and precipitation variations. All three frameworks identified a pronounced deformation zone in the Gorgan Plain, with maximum line-of-sight deformation rates up to 13 cm/year. Quantitative comparisons showed strong correlations among the frameworks (r = 0.80 to 0.89), confirming their mutual reliability even under low coherence conditions. The time-series analysis revealed clear seasonal deformation patterns, with summer subsidence and winter uplift closely related to hydroclimatic fluctuations. Overall, this study demonstrates that multi-temporal SBAS-InSAR approaches can provide consistent and physically meaningful deformation estimates in challenging agricultural environments, offering valuable insights for subsidence monitoring and water resource management.</p>
</abstract>
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