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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-469-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards Country-Wide LoD1 City Model Reconstruction of from TanDEM-X Intensity Images</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmitt</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Recla</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ummerle</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mansour</surname>
<given-names>Islam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>469</fpage>
<lpage>475</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Michael Schmitt et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/469/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-469-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/469/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-469-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/469/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-469-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/469/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-469-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>3D city models have become an important piece of geoinformation. They are available in different Levels of Detail (LoD), which determine the amount of complexity provided in the model. LoD1 city models represent simple prismatic building volumes and are typically produced by means of remote sensing. In this article, we investigate the possibility for country-wide reconstruction of LoD1 city models from TanDEM-X intensity images by utilizing deep learning-based single-image height and building footprint reconstruction. As study area, we use the land surface of the country of Denmark. Our results show the general potential of this AI-based approach of country-wide city model reconstruction, which can serve as a data-efficient pipeline that is particularly well-suited in time-critical scenarios or for the exploitation of archive imagery of satellite missions with global data coverage.</p>
</abstract>
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