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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-51-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Multi-modal semantic segmentation for open vocabulary interactions with remote sensing images</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>Jinkun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>Tao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xue</surname>
<given-names>Yuhang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Xianping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ye</surname>
<given-names>Yuanxin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jinkun Dai et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/51/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-51-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/51/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-51-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/51/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-51-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/51/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-51-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Semantic segmentation of multi-modal remote sensing imagery plays a pivotal role in land use/land cover (LULC) mapping, environmental monitoring, and precision earth observation. Current multi-modal approaches mainly focus on integrating complementary visual modalities (e.g., optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery), yet neglect the incorporation of non-visual textual data. To address this limitation, we propose TSMNet, a text supervised multi-modal open vocabulary semantic segmentation network that synergistically integrates textual supervision with visual representation for open-vocabulary semantic segmentation. Unlike conventional multi-modal segmentation frameworks, TSMNet introduces a dual-branch text encoder to extract both scene-level semantic and object-level label information from various textual data, enabling dynamic cross-modal fusion. These text-derived features dynamically interact with visual embeddings through the proposed text-guided visual semantic fusion module, enabling domain-aware feature refinement and human-interpretable decision-making. Moreover, integrating text opens pathways for open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, enabling systems to dynamically segment targets through natural language descriptions, thereby overcoming the rigid constraints of traditional pre-defined classification heads. To verify our method, we innovatively construct two new multimodal datasets, and carry out extensive experiments to make a comprehensive comparison between the proposed method and other state-of-the-art (SOTA) semantic segmentation models. Results demonstrate that TSMNet achieves superior segmentation accuracy while exhibiting robust generalization capabilities across diverse geographical and sensor-specific scenarios. The source code will be available at &lt;code&gt;https://github.com/yeyuanxin110/TSMNet&lt;/code&gt;.</p>
</abstract>
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