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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-549-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Discussion on the ‘Integration of Four Databases’ for Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring in Beijing Based on the ‘Jiaxing Experience’</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yingchun</surname>
<given-names>Huang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>Ni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jun</surname>
<given-names>Wu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Juan</surname>
<given-names>Gu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yifei</surname>
<given-names>Cao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100038, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>549</fpage>
<lpage>554</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Huang Yingchun et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/549/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-549-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/549/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-549-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/549/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-549-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/549/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-549-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Drawing on the &quot;Integration of Four Maps&quot; from the &quot;Jiaxing Experience&quot;, and starting from Beijing&apos;s own data context, this paper proposes a &quot;Integration of Four Databases&quot; workflow. This model is based on four operational tasks: New Fundamental Surveying and Mapping (NFSM), National Land Change Survey (NLCS), Urban Territorial Spatial Monitoring (UTSM), and Territorial Spatial Planning (TSP). It aims to resolve the issue of accumulating discrepancies in conflicting land use polygons by refining these polygons. This enables high-precision verification of NLCS data by NFSM data and facilitates the detection of dynamic changes. Differences are gradually &quot;digested&quot; year by year to achieve the goal of integration. Concurrently, it proposes using NFSM data to resolve building spatial location information, and UTSM to resolve operational building information. This achieves a dual expansion in both content and elements for NFSM and UTSM, progressively leading to reliable and accurate data on changes in building floor area and volume, thereby providing accurate data for leadership decision-making and urban planning in Beijing.</p>
</abstract>
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