<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-81-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Local Non-Maximum Suppression: Enhancing Object Detection in Large-Scale Remote Sensing Images via iterative pipelined Postprocessing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Felten</surname>
<given-names>Bettina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gross</surname>
<given-names>Wolfgang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Michel</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Fraunhofer IOSB, Gutleuthausstr. 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Bettina Felten et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-81-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-81-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-81-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-81-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Object detection in large, dense remote sensing imagery is difficult because targets are often small and arbitrarily oriented, and state-of-the-art detectors cannot process very large images directly without a reduction in accuracy. Tiling-based inference workflows mitigate the latter issue by running inference iteratively on overlapping tiles, but introduce pre- and postprocessing overhead for image tiling and Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS). We introduce local NMS, an asynchronous tile-wise postprocessing scheme. Local NMS runs in a separate subprocess in parallel to tile-wise inference and collects intermediate results enqueued by the inference process, immediately applying postprocessing. Intelligent reordering of tiles in a preprocessing step ensures optimal usage of computing resources. We assess our method using three state-of-the art object detection models for horizontal and oriented bounding box detection on two benchmark datasets containing large dense aerial and satellite images, DOTA-v2.0 and Izembek Lagoon Birds, stratifying by image size and average object density. Local NMS consistently reduces end-to-end runtime across models and datasets without significant impact on mAP. A maximum runtime reduction of 60.77% on large dense DOTA-v2.0 scenes could be achieved without modifying model architectures or retraining.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>