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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-959-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Calibrated U-Net with HELIX-Based Label Enrichment for Ageing-Aware Spatio-Temporal Urban Change Detection</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hauser</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dachsberger</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmitt</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hinz</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (IPF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Geoinformatics Department, Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Applications of Machine Learning and Intelligent Systems (IAMLIS), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>09</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XI-3-2026</volume>
<fpage>959</fpage>
<lpage>966</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Sarah Hauser et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/959/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-959-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/959/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-959-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/959/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-959-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XI-3-2026/959/2026/isprs-annals-XI-3-2026-959-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urbanisation and land-use change increase the demand for temporally consistent urban maps from high-resolution Earth observation imagery. A key obstacle is &lt;em&gt;label ageing&lt;/em&gt;: benchmark annotations are often years older than current true orthophotos (TOP), causing semantic and geometric mismatches (e.g., demolished/new buildings, shifted vegetation boundaries) that degrade supervised learning, calibration, and transfer. This paper presents a probabilistic, quality-aware segmentation framework based on a compact U-Net. Legacy annotations are converted into edge-adaptive soft labels to encode boundary uncertainty. A HELIX-derived per-pixel supervision quality score Q is computed and integrated as a weight in a &lt;em&gt;Q&lt;/em&gt;-weighted Kullback&amp;ndash;Leibler objective with an agreement-focal component, reducing the influence of unreliable or outdated regions. Global temperature scaling is then applied to obtain calibrated per-class probability fields with comparable confidence magnitudes. Experiments on ISPRS Potsdam and Vaihingen combined with recent (2024) TOPs evaluate temporal transfer (archival supervision vs. updated imagery of the same area) and spatial transfer (cross-city application). Finally, calibrated probability fields are used to derive probabilistic semantic transitions and temporal reliability scores, supporting uncertainty-aware mapping of urban change such as construction, sealing, and vegetation loss.</p>
</abstract>
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