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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-121-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Scale-Invariant Object Contour Points (SIOCP): Integrating Instance Segmentation, Computer Vision and Geometric Refinement for Exact Contour and Keypoint Extraction of Façade Elements from Urban Images</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frank</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shah</surname>
<given-names>Venus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hoegner</surname>
<given-names>Ludwig</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Richter</surname>
<given-names>Rico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>IWT Friedrichshafen, Department of Mobility, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Hochschule München University of Applied Sciences, Department of Geoinformatics, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XII-4/W1-2026</volume>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Florian Frank et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W1-2026/121/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-121-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W1-2026/121/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-121-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W1-2026/121/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-121-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W1-2026/121/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-121-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Exact 6DoF pose estimation is key to achieving high-quality CityGML LoD3 and BIM fa&amp;ccedil;ade element reconstruction from urban monocular 2D RGB images. We present an implementation and experimental evaluation of our extraction pipeline for Scale- Invariant Object Contour Points (SIOCP). Our pipeline fuses processed information from 2D RGB images, IMU, GNSS+RTK, and LoD2 data to derive precise contours of regularly shaped objects and stable keypoints for 6DoF pose estimation. The image-processing pipeline is implemented using YOLOv8, SAM, and enhanced classical algorithms. Furthermore, the keypoint descriptor is based on a hierarchical object catalog that fully describes fa&amp;ccedil;ades and the interdependencies of their elements in spatial and temporal contexts. This descriptor methodology enables reliable keypoint matching across texture-rich and detailed fa&amp;ccedil;ade images from different perspectives, where classical methods partially fail in the benchmark. The implementation is still being refined. In summary, we present SIOCP as a key component for accurate 6DoF pose reconstruction, with future integration planned for LoD3 and beyond in building reconstruction.</p>
</abstract>
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