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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-219-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Decoding Multidimensional User Experiences and Evaluations in Urban Public Spaces: A Novel Integrated NLP Model Based on Multimodal Online Reviews</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Zian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Yifan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van Oosterom</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nijhuis</surname>
<given-names>Steffen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Spek</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XII-4/W2-2026</volume>
<fpage>219</fpage>
<lpage>226</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Zian Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/219/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-219-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/219/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-219-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/219/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-219-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/219/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-219-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Understanding users&amp;rsquo; experiences and evaluations in urban public spaces is essential for human-centric design and management. While traditional survey methods are costly, large-scale user-generated content (UGC) offers new possibilities for capturing public insights. However, existing approaches mainly assess evaluations and experiences through oversimplified, single-dimensional assessments, while deriving users&amp;rsquo; multidimensional experiences beyond basic sentiments and capturing their underlying mechanisms remain critical research gaps. This study proposes a novel integrative analytical model for assessing urban public space experiences and evaluations. Drawing on large-scale online review data, it employs a Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)-fine-tuned RoBERTa language model for multidimensional user evaluation identification, combines a lexicon-based method with an Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) pipeline to examine specific experiential qualities and satisfaction, and integrates textual and visual modalities through Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training (BLIP) vision-language model. Focusing on Amsterdam as a case study, validation demonstrates that the proposed model outperforms baselines, achieving a mean accuracy of 85% and exceeding widely used XGBoost and LSTM methods by 12% and 23%, respectively. The application effectively quantifies nuanced and detailed user experience and evaluation patterns, revealing differentiated associations between experiential qualities and overall evaluation positivity, thereby providing a deeper understanding of human-environment interactions in urban public spaces. The proposed approach offers an integrated and scalable method for investigating user insights and can inform future responsive, human-centric public space design and management.</p>
</abstract>
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