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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Annals</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9050</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-81-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Eco-Aware Route Planning in Okinawa: A Case Study on the Impact of Gradient</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karaş</surname>
<given-names>İsmail Rakıp</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-3161</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sardoğan</surname>
<given-names>Enishan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ortakcı</surname>
<given-names>Yasin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Açmalı</surname>
<given-names>Şüheda Semih</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Claramunt</surname>
<given-names>Christophe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wakamiya</surname>
<given-names>Shoko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>She</surname>
<given-names>Wan Jou</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Siriaraya</surname>
<given-names>Panote</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quesnot</surname>
<given-names>Teriitutea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kertesz</surname>
<given-names>Attila</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fischer</surname>
<given-names>Jonas K. H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aramaki</surname>
<given-names>Eiji</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gazel</surname>
<given-names>Necmeddin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Engineering, Karabük University, Karabük, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Naval Academy Research Institute, Brest, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Information Engineering and Human Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geography, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Software Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XII-4/W2-2026</volume>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>88</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 İsmail Rakıp Karaş et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-81-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-81-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-81-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-annals.copernicus.org/articles/XII-4-W2-2026/81/2026/isprs-annals-XII-4-W2-2026-81-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The global climate crisis has entered a critical phase, with scientific consensus indicating meaningful emission reductions must occur within this decade to limit global warming to 1.5&amp;deg;C above pre-industrial levels. Road transport remains a major contributor, accounting for roughly 15% of global anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. In Japan, passenger car transports alone generated approximately 101 million metric tonnes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in 2019. Okinawa bears a share of this burden with 858,004 registered passenger cars among roughly 1.38 million residents (Stats-Japan, 2024). Applying the US EPA&amp;rsquo;s standard figure of 4.6 metric tonnes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per passenger vehicle per year, Okinawa&amp;rsquo;s private car fleet alone is estimated to generate approximately 3.95 million metric tonnes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; annually.This paper presents &amp;rdquo;Eco-Mode&amp;rdquo;, a navigation framework built on OpenRouteService (ORS) to address this challenge. Building on the established relationship between road gradient and fuel consumption (Huang &amp;amp; Peng, 2018), we score per-segment emissions using a tiered gradient-based factor derived from Jiang et al., 2025, applying a routing algorithm constrained by travel time to identify the lowest-emission path. Across 20 routes spanning short urban trips to inter-city journeys, the Eco Drive route achieves a mean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reduction of 9.8% (median 10.75%), with a mean travel time increase of 5.3%. Given a fleet of one million vehicles statewide, even partial adoption could yield reductions of thousands of tonnes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; annually at negligible infrastructure cost.</p>
</abstract>
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