Utilizing GRACE and GLDAS data for estimating groundwater storage variability over the Krishna Basin

Soil moisture has high heterogeneity in areas with marginal agricultural farms. Traditional models do not account for these changes. This study implements a new land model for farm-scale soil moisture first time in India. We enhanced it with depth-varying soil properties and identified their importance for estimating soil moisture across depths and seasons. The modified model improves deep-layer soil moisture at 30 m resolution, with temporal changes consistent with coarse-resolution products.