2

2D to 3D transformation

• Automatic Transformation of Semantic 2D Lane Models into 3D CityGML Representations, pages 57–64

3

3D City Database

• Introducing server-side support for 3DCityDB 5.0 to the 3DCityDB-Tools plug-in for QGIS, pages 193–200

3D City Model

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16
• Resolution of a Texture Image Mapped on a Building Surface of a 3D City Model, pages 89–96

3D City Modelling

• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248

3D City Models

• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112

3D GIS

• Evaluating the development of open 3D city models: a multidimensional assessment, pages 137–144

3D Geolocation

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80

3D Model Generation

• Virtual 3D City Model Generation in CityGML, pages 257–264

3D Point Clouds

• Evaluation of Input Sampling Methods for Deep-Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale 3D Point Clouds, pages 49–56

3D Reconstruction

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176
• Enriching LoD2 Building Models with Façade Openings Using Oblique Imagery, pages 225–232
• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256

3D city models

• From point clouds to CityGML 3.0: An approach to multi-granular urban road modelling, pages 201–208

3D model

• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

3D movement

• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

3D point cloud

• Semantic segmentation of point clouds with the 3D medial axis transform, pages 33–40

3D reconstruction

• BldgWeaver: An appearance-contingent generation solution with a three-dimensional automated creation of building digital cousins model using pre-trained transformer architecture, pages 145–152

3DCityDB

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16
• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112

A

Aerial Imagery

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16
• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160

Aerial nadir camera

• Resolution of a Texture Image Mapped on a Building Surface of a 3D City Model, pages 89–96

Aerial oblique camera

• Resolution of a Texture Image Mapped on a Building Surface of a 3D City Model, pages 89–96

Autoencoder

• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

B

BIM

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72
• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

Big Geospatial Data Analysis

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

building digital cousins

• BldgWeaver: An appearance-contingent generation solution with a three-dimensional automated creation of building digital cousins model using pre-trained transformer architecture, pages 145–152

building reconstruction

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

C

Canonical Correlation

• Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Remote Sensing Data Classification Model Transfer, pages 17–24

Children behaviour

• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

City Model

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32

CityGML

• A proposal to update and enhance the CityGML Energy Application Domain Extension, pages 1–8
• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16
• Automatic Transformation of Semantic 2D Lane Models into 3D CityGML Representations, pages 57–64
• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88
• Development of the Standard Data Product Specification for 3D City Models Using CityGML, pages 129–136
• Evaluating and Enhancing Georeferencing Accuracy in BIM and 3D GIS Models for Built Environment Digital Twins, pages 161–168
• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248
• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256
• Virtual 3D City Model Generation in CityGML, pages 257–264

CityGML 3.0

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72
• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112
• Introducing server-side support for 3DCityDB 5.0 to the 3DCityDB-Tools plug-in for QGIS, pages 193–200

Classification

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32

Conditional Random Fields

• Elevation Guided Global and Local Smoothness for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Imagery, pages 177–184

Crack Quantification

• A Method for Crack Detection and Quantification in Masonry Using Neural Network-Based Image Analysis, pages 113–119

Crack Segmentation

• A Method for Crack Detection and Quantification in Masonry Using Neural Network-Based Image Analysis, pages 113–119

Custom CRS

• Evaluating and Enhancing Georeferencing Accuracy in BIM and 3D GIS Models for Built Environment Digital Twins, pages 161–168

conflict maps

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

D

Damage analysis

• A Method for Crack Detection and Quantification in Masonry Using Neural Network-Based Image Analysis, pages 113–119

Data Compression

• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

Data Fusion

• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160

Data Integration

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72

Data Modelling

• A proposal to update and enhance the CityGML Energy Application Domain Extension, pages 1–8

Data quality

• Evaluating the development of open 3D city models: a multidimensional assessment, pages 137–144

Deep Learning

• Semantic segmentation of point clouds with the 3D medial axis transform, pages 33–40
• Evaluation of Input Sampling Methods for Deep-Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale 3D Point Clouds, pages 49–56
• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

DeepLab

• Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Remote Sensing Data Classification Model Transfer, pages 17–24

Digital Cousin

• Virtual 3D City Model Generation in CityGML, pages 257–264

Digital Elevation Models

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

Digital Twin

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32
• Development of the Standard Data Product Specification for 3D City Models Using CityGML, pages 129–136
• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248

Digital Twins

• Evaluating and Enhancing Georeferencing Accuracy in BIM and 3D GIS Models for Built Environment Digital Twins, pages 161–168

Dijkstra

• A Method for Crack Detection and Quantification in Masonry Using Neural Network-Based Image Analysis, pages 113–119

Dynamic Occlusion

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176

data co-registration

• Partial Optimal Transport for Co-Registration of Partially-Overlapped Point Clouds, pages 41–48

E

Energy ADE

• A proposal to update and enhance the CityGML Energy Application Domain Extension, pages 1–8

Energy Minimization

• Elevation Guided Global and Local Smoothness for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Imagery, pages 177–184

G

GIS

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72

GPT-4o

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80

Gaussian Splatting

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176
• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256

GeoDBMS

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

Geoinformation

• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248

Geometric Features

• Semantic segmentation of point clouds with the 3D medial axis transform, pages 33–40

Geometric Supervision

• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256

Georeferencing

• Evaluating and Enhancing Georeferencing Accuracy in BIM and 3D GIS Models for Built Environment Digital Twins, pages 161–168

Geospatial Data Management

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

Geospatial Data Modelling

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

generative AI

• BldgWeaver: An appearance-contingent generation solution with a three-dimensional automated creation of building digital cousins model using pre-trained transformer architecture, pages 145–152

geometrically induced topology

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

graph query language

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

H

Heavy Rain

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32

Histogram matching

• Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Remote Sensing Data Classification Model Transfer, pages 17–24

I

IFC

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72
• Evaluating and Enhancing Georeferencing Accuracy in BIM and 3D GIS Models for Built Environment Digital Twins, pages 161–168

Indoor navigation

• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

Input Sampling

• Evaluation of Input Sampling Methods for Deep-Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale 3D Point Clouds, pages 49–56

Interoperability

• Development of the Standard Data Product Specification for 3D City Models Using CityGML, pages 129–136

L

Land Surface Temperature

• Predicting land surface temperature by different climate classification methods: A case study of Singapore, pages 209–216

Large Language Models

• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112

Level of detail (LOD)

• Virtual 3D City Model Generation in CityGML, pages 257–264

Lidar

• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160
• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

Line of Bearing

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80

LoD2

• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256

LoD3

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

LoD3 Building Models

• Enriching LoD2 Building Models with Façade Openings Using Oblique Imagery, pages 225–232

Local Climate Zone

• Predicting land surface temperature by different climate classification methods: A case study of Singapore, pages 209–216

Localization

• Development of the Standard Data Product Specification for 3D City Models Using CityGML, pages 129–136

laser scanning

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

M

MMS Imagery

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80

Machine Learning Model

• Predicting land surface temperature by different climate classification methods: A case study of Singapore, pages 209–216

Matching

• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

Medial Axis Transform

• Semantic segmentation of point clouds with the 3D medial axis transform, pages 33–40

Mobile laser scanning

• From point clouds to CityGML 3.0: An approach to multi-granular urban road modelling, pages 201–208

Multi-View Stereo

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176

Multimodal Training

• Elevation Guided Global and Local Smoothness for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Imagery, pages 177–184

N

NDSM

• Elevation Guided Global and Local Smoothness for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Imagery, pages 177–184

Neural Networks

• A Method for Crack Detection and Quantification in Masonry Using Neural Network-Based Image Analysis, pages 113–119

Neural Radiance Fields

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176

noise reduction

• Partial Optimal Transport for Co-Registration of Partially-Overlapped Point Clouds, pages 41–48

O

OSM

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16

Object Detection

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16

Oblique Aerial Imagery

• Enriching LoD2 Building Models with Façade Openings Using Oblique Imagery, pages 225–232

Open geospatial data

• Evaluating the development of open 3D city models: a multidimensional assessment, pages 137–144

P

Point Cloud

• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72
• A Taxonomy of Point Cloud Search, pages 185–192

Point cloud processing

• From point clouds to CityGML 3.0: An approach to multi-granular urban road modelling, pages 201–208

PostgreSQL

• Introducing server-side support for 3DCityDB 5.0 to the 3DCityDB-Tools plug-in for QGIS, pages 193–200

Potential Damage

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32

partial optimal transport

• Partial Optimal Transport for Co-Registration of Partially-Overlapped Point Clouds, pages 41–48

polytope complexes

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

Q

QGIS plug-in

• Introducing server-side support for 3DCityDB 5.0 to the 3DCityDB-Tools plug-in for QGIS, pages 193–200

Query Semantics

• A Taxonomy of Point Cloud Search, pages 185–192

R

Rain

• Impact of Rain on 3D Reconstruction with Multi-View Stereo, Neural Radiance Fields and Gaussian Splatting, pages 169–176

Random Forest

• Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Remote Sensing Data Classification Model Transfer, pages 17–24

Relational Database Modelling

• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248

Residential Buildings

• Digital Urban Twins for heavy rain events - An open source QGIS plugin for machine learning classification of residential buildings using CityGML with additional datasets, pages 25–32

Roof Materials

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16

Roofing Material Classification

• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160

Roofing Materials

• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160

S

School evacuation

• The Influence of 3D Motions on the Efficiency of Children’s Indoor Evacuations, pages 233–240

Search Taxonomy

• A Taxonomy of Point Cloud Search, pages 185–192

Self-Supervision

• Elevation Guided Global and Local Smoothness for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Imagery, pages 177–184

Semantic 3D Building Models

• GS4Buildings: Prior-Guided Gaussian Splatting for 3D Building Reconstruction, pages 249–256

Semantic 3D Streetspace

• Automatic Transformation of Semantic 2D Lane Models into 3D CityGML Representations, pages 57–64
• CityGML 3.0 as a Hub: Integrating BIM, GIS, and Point Cloud Data for 3D Streetspace Modeling Comprising Roads, Bridges and Tunnels, pages 65–72

Semantic 3D modelling

• Evaluating the development of open 3D city models: a multidimensional assessment, pages 137–144

Semantic Enrichment

• Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials, pages 9–16
• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112

Semantic Segmentation

• Semantic segmentation of point clouds with the 3D medial axis transform, pages 33–40
• Evaluation of Input Sampling Methods for Deep-Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale 3D Point Clouds, pages 49–56
• RoofSense: A Multimodal Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Roofing Material Classification, pages 153–160
• Enriching LoD2 Building Models with Façade Openings Using Oblique Imagery, pages 225–232

Semantic information

• Automatic Transformation of Semantic 2D Lane Models into 3D CityGML Representations, pages 57–64

Semantic integration

• From point clouds to CityGML 3.0: An approach to multi-granular urban road modelling, pages 201–208

Signboard Detection

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80

Spatial Database

• The New 3D City Database 5.0 - Advancing 3D City Data Management based on CityGML 3.0, pages 241–248

Spatio-Temporal Data Management

• A Comprehensive Temporal Model for Geometric and Topological Data Management in 3D Space, pages 121–128

Supervoxel

• Heterogeneous Point Clouds Matching using Supervoxel Signatures from a Deep Neural Network Autoencoder, pages 217–224

semantic 3D city models

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

semantic segmentation

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

spatio-temporal geo-data

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

subset selection

• Partial Optimal Transport for Co-Registration of Partially-Overlapped Point Clouds, pages 41–48

T

Texture image

• Resolution of a Texture Image Mapped on a Building Surface of a 3D City Model, pages 89–96

topological algorithms

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

U

Urban Digital Twins

• Automatic Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models using Large Language Models, pages 105–112

Urban Energy Modelling

• A proposal to update and enhance the CityGML Energy Application Domain Extension, pages 1–8

Urban Form Indicator

• Predicting land surface temperature by different climate classification methods: A case study of Singapore, pages 209–216

Urban Functional Zone

• Predicting land surface temperature by different climate classification methods: A case study of Singapore, pages 209–216

Urban Planning ADE (Application Domain Extension)

• Development of the Standard Data Product Specification for 3D City Models Using CityGML, pages 129–136

Urban digital twins

• Evaluating the development of open 3D city models: a multidimensional assessment, pages 137–144

Urban space

• From point clouds to CityGML 3.0: An approach to multi-granular urban road modelling, pages 201–208

uncertainty

• CM2LoD3: Reconstructing LoD3 Building Models Using Semantic Conflict Maps, pages 81–88

urban digital twins

• BldgWeaver: An appearance-contingent generation solution with a three-dimensional automated creation of building digital cousins model using pre-trained transformer architecture, pages 145–152

V

Vertical surface

• Resolution of a Texture Image Mapped on a Building Surface of a 3D City Model, pages 89–96

Virtual City

• Virtual 3D City Model Generation in CityGML, pages 257–264

W

watertight volumetric model

• Towards a domain specific graph query language for the geoscience - implementing a GeoGQL -, pages 97–104

Y

YOLO

• Automatic Detection, 3D Localization, and Semantic Enrichment of Commercial Signboards Using 360° Mobile Mapping Imagery: A Case Study in Temara, Morocco, pages 73–80