TRUST-DART: Land Surfaces Temperature and Emissivity Nonlinear Mapping from Nonisothermal Mixed Pixels of Satellite Images with the DART 3D Radiative Transfer Model

This review examined 273 studies on climate risks in African cities published between 2015 and 2025. We found that research is growing rapidly but remains focused on a limited number of large cities and mainly on flooding and heat. Many studies lack detailed local data and rarely combine future climate change with rapid urban growth. The results highlight the need for better city-scale information and planning tools to help African cities prepare for increasing climate risks.