Operational Deformation Monitoring of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge with Multi-Orbit LuTan-1 SAR Satellites

Lakes in alpine periglacial environments are expanding rapidly under climate warming, but their detection and classification remain difficult because of complex terrain and spectral interference. We developed a vision-transformer-based framework to delineate lake boundaries and distinguish contemporary glacial lakes from other lakes. Applied to the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, it identified 3,266 lakes, including many as small as 0.0001 km².