MAVEN Observations Uncover Enhanced Electron Density Variations in Mars' Crustal Magnetic Field Regions

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) threaten Earth. We studied their interaction with the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Using the European Heliospheric Forecasting Information Asset (EUHFORIA), we calculated CME arrival times and investigated Earth's responses. Results show EUHFORIA and Gorgon-Space codes agree well in simulating CME propagation and interactions.

The study highlights that interactions of CMEs play a significant role in determining their impact on Earth, highlighting that their initial speeds, while similar, are less influential. Besides, the EUHFORIA numerical model align with the findings of the GFZ German research center, this implies that EUHFORIA has also the capability to compute and potentially forecast the impact of CMEs on the Earth.