SVI2LoD3: Agent-Driven Reconstruction of LoD3 Façade Openings in Semantic 3D City Models from Volunteered Street View Imagery using Large Language and Visual Models

Kanna, Elmehdi; Arzoumanidis, Lukas; Nguyen, Huynh Duc An Son; Dehbi, Youness

doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-203-2026

Articles | Volume XII-4/W1-2026

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Articles | Volume XII-4/W1-2026

https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-203-2026

Articles | Volume XII-4/W1-2026

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28 Sep 2026

| 28 Sep 2026

SVI2LoD3: Agent-Driven Reconstruction of LoD3 Façade Openings in Semantic 3D City Models from Volunteered Street View Imagery using Large Language and Visual Models

Elmehdi Kanna, Lukas Arzoumanidis, Huynh Duc An Son Nguyen, and Youness Dehbi

Elmehdi Kanna

Computational Methods Lab, HafenCity University, Hamburg, Germany

Lukas Arzoumanidis

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6668-1695

Computational Methods Lab, HafenCity University, Hamburg, Germany

Huynh Duc An Son Nguyen

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-1587

Computational Methods Lab, HafenCity University, Hamburg, Germany

Youness Dehbi

Computational Methods Lab, HafenCity University, Hamburg, Germany

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ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XI-4-2026, 3–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-4-2026-3-2026,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-4-2026-3-2026, 2026

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ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XII-4-W1-2026, 267–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-267-2026,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XII-4-W1-2026-267-2026, 2026

Domain-Adaptive Object Detection for Enriching Semantic 3D City Models with Building Storeys from Street-View Images

Lukas Arzoumanidis, Al Maimun As Samee, Elmehdi Kanna, Son H. Nguyen, and Youness Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XI-4-2026, 3–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-4-2026-3-2026,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-4-2026-3-2026, 2026

Domain-Adaptive Object Detection of Electrical Facilities for Enhanced Semantic Indoor Models

Lukas Arzoumanidis, Weilian Li, and Youness Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XI-2-2026, 759–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-759-2026,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-XI-2-2026-759-2026, 2026

Object Detection for the Enrichment of Semantic 3D City Models with Roofing Materials

Lukas Arzoumanidis, Son H. Nguyen, Lara Johannsen, Filip Rothaut, Weilian Li, and Youness Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W6-2025, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W6-2025-9-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W6-2025-9-2025, 2025

Validating a window view simulation engine based on open data and open source using semantic segmentation

Anna-Maria Bolte, Thomas Kistemann, Theo Kötter, and Youness Dehbi

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-G-2025, 219–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-219-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-219-2025, 2025

Automatic Detection of Tiny Drainage Outlets and Ventilations on Flat Rooftops from Aerial Imagery

Lukas Arzoumanidis, Weilian Li, Julius Knechtel, Yudha Kosmayadi, and Youness Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-G-2025, 125–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-G-2025-125-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-G-2025-125-2025, 2025

Deep Generation of Synthetic Training Data for the Automated Extraction of Semantic Knowledge from Historical Maps

Lukas Arzoumanidis, James Ormond Fethers, Sethmiya Herath Mudiyanselage, and Youness Dehbi

Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 7, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-7-7-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-7-7-2024, 2024

Towards a Deep Automatic Generation of Figure-ground Maps

Lukas Arzoumanidis, Jonathan Hecht, and Youness Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W5-2024, 33–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W5-2024-33-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W5-2024-33-2024, 2024

Safety Assessment of Cycling Routes in Urban Environments

Weilian Li, Lukas Arzoumanidis, Jannik Matijevic, Daham Mohammed Mustafa, Peter Rottmann, Jan-Henrik Haunert, and Youness Dehbi

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W10-2024, 125–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W10-2024-125-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W10-2024-125-2024, 2024

AN INTERACTIVE EVACUATION TOOL TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC FLOOD PERCEPTION

W. L. Li, N. Treff, F. Amann, J. Lehmen, Y. Dehbi, and J.-H. Haunert

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W2-2023, 437–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-437-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-437-2023, 2023

SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT SENSORS TO DETECT HIDDEN INSTALLATIONS FOR AS-BUILT BIM

J. Knechtel, J. Behmann, J.-H. Haunert, and Y. Dehbi

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-1-W1-2023, 263–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-1-W1-2023-263-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-1-W1-2023-263-2023, 2023

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Self-Constructing Graph Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation of Historical Maps

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Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 6, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-11-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-11-2023, 2023

AUTOMATIC BUILDING FOOTPRINT EXTRACTION FROM 3D LASERSCANS

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ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W2-2022, 233–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-233-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-233-2022, 2022

PATH-TRACING SEMANTIC NETWORKS TO INTERPRET CHANGES IN SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

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ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W2-2022, 217–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-217-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W2-2022-217-2022, 2022

Visualizing the Modal Split in Public Transportation Networks

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Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 5, 89, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-5-89-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-5-89-2022, 2022

OPTIMAL POSITION AND PATH PLANNING FOR STOP-AND-GO LASERSCANNING FOR THE ACQUISITION OF 3D BUILDING MODELS

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SVI2LoD3: Agent-Driven Reconstruction of LoD3 Façade Openings in Semantic 3D City Models from Volunteered Street View Imagery using Large Language and Visual Models

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